RE: Civetone and muscone as putatives?
05-27-2018 2:27 PM
"Musk odors are considered to be “king” of the fragrance world because of their warm, sensual, fascinating scent. They have been used widely in commercial products such as perfumes and detergents. The first natural musk compound, muscone, was reported in 1906 by Walbaum as the major odorant in secretions of musk deer (Moschus moschiferus) (Walbaum, 1906). Muscone turned out to have a unique macrocyclic ketone structure with a 15-membered ring (Ruzicka et al., 1926). Males secrete muscone, which in turn attracts females, suggesting that muscone is a male pheromone in musk deer. Some reports showed that, in humans, testosterone and estradiol levels increased after muscone exposure to female subjects, suggesting that muscone may have physiological effects also on humans (Kato et al., 2004, Fukui et al., 2007). Other muscone-like macrocyclic ketones with a 15- to 17-membered ring such as civetone and cyclopentadecanone have been identified from the stink glands of civet cat (Viverra civetta), musk rat (Ondatra zibethicus), and musk shrew (Suncus murinus) (Asada et al., 2012)."
Increase of Test and Estradiol should make for a very "aphrodisiac" effect, maybe even induce "hornyness". A pity, that the reference in question
Kato M, Y Tanaka H(2004) Study of the stimulation on the secretion of the female sex hormone by some perfumery raw material. Aroma Research 5:64–68
is not to be found on google scholar.
Muscone seems to have a lot of beneficial health-effects, especialy neuroprotective, and it wold cross the BBB:
Neuroprotective effect of muscone on glutamate-induced apoptosis in PC12 cells via antioxidant and Ca(2+) antagonism.
Yu L1, Wang N2, Zhang Y3, Wang Y4, Li J4, Wu Q4, Liu Y4.
Author information
Abstract
In the pathogenesis of cerebral ischemia, glutamate excitotoxicity activates N-methyl-d-aspartate (NMDA) receptors which induce calcium influx and oxidative stress. Muscone exerts potent neuroprotective activities on cerebral ischemia. However, its underlying mechanism is yet to be elucidated. In this study, we demonstrated that pretreatment with muscone in PC12 cells markedly ameliorated the loss of cell viability, mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP) collapse, the release of lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), Ca(2+) overload, reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation, and cell apoptosis induced by glutamate. Furthermore, muscone also decreased NR1 (NMDA receptor subunit 1) protein expression, the ratio of Bax/Bcl-2 protein expression and prevented activitation of Ca(2+)/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase type II (CaMKII) and ASK1/JNK/p38 signaling pathways elicited by glutamate in PC12 cells. In conclusion, our results provided novel evidence that muscone protected PC12 cells against glutamate-induced apoptosis by attenuating ROS generation and Ca(2+) influx, via NR1 and CaMKII-depended ASK-1/JNK/p38 signaling pathways.
Anti-inflammatory effects of 4-methylcyclopentadecanone on edema models in mice.
Ma Y, Li Y, Li X, Wu Y1.
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Abstract
The present study evaluated the anti-inflammatory effects of 4-methylcyclopentadecanone (4-MCPC) on edema models in mice and aimed to determine the safety of 4-MCPC after acute exposure. The acute toxicity of 4-MCPC was evaluated by oral administration to rats of single doses of 0, 5, 50, 500 and 5000 mg/kg. Toxic symptoms were observed for 14 days. The anti-inflammatory activity was evaluated in xylene-induced mouse ear edema and carrageenan-induced mouse paw edema. The animals were treated with 4-MCPC once every day for seven consecutive days. Edema index, % inhibition, IL-1β, TNF-α, PGE2 and MPO levels in paws were detected after the treatment with xylene or carrageenan. Our results indicated that the LD50 value of 4-MCPC in rats is greater than 5000 mg/kg. The ED50 of 4-MCPC in xylene-induced mouse ear edema model was 7.5 mg/kg. 4-MCPC (8 or 16 mg/kg) remarkably inhibited carrageenan-induced mouse paw edema. Further study revealed that 4-MCPC treatment also decreased IL-1β, TNF-α, PGE2 and MPO levels in mice paws. Intragastric administration of 4-MCPC exhibited more significant anti-inflammatory activity than muscone at a dose of 16 mg/kg. Taken together, our results suggest that 4-MCPC has potent anti-inflammatory activity and the mechanisms might be related to the decreases of the levels of IL-1β, TNF-α, PGE2 and MPO in inflamed paws.
Muscone exerts protective roles on alcohol-induced osteonecrosis of the femoral head.
Guo YJ1, Luo SH2, Tang MJ1, Zhou ZB3, Yin JH4, Gao YS5, Dang XQ6.
Author information
Abstract
Long-term alcohol abuse causes musculoskeletal disorders, among of which, alcohol-induced osteonecrosis of the femoral head (ONFH) is of concern due to its significant and severe complications. A variety of methods have been attempted to prevent alcohol-induced ONFH, and monomers extracted from Chinese herbs might benefit the disease profoundly. In the current study, muscone, the main ingredient of musk, was used to prevent alcohol-induced ONFH. In vitro, ethanol was used to affect the potential of osteogenesis and proliferation of human bone mesenchymal stem cells (hBMSCs), and beneficial role of muscone was investigated on hBMSCs. In vivo, following the establishment of alcohol-induced ONFH, muscone was employed to treat the diseased rats, which were analyzed by micro-CT scanning and a series of histologic staining. As a result, we found ethanol could significantly suppress osteogenic differentiation of hBMSCs, while muscone held the potential to promote ALP activity and mRNA expressions of COL1 and OCN under ethanol treatment. Meanwhile, imaging analysis revealed muscone could restore BV/TV ratio and bone mineral density of the necrotic femoral head, and the protective role of muscone on alcohol-induced ONFH was further confirmed by histologic examinations. Our study confirmed the protective effect of muscone against alcohol-induced ONFH both in vitro and in vivo. Therefore, muscone may be considered as a valuable therapeutic natural drug for alcohol-induced ONFH in humans.
[Brain Protection of Muscone in Rats with Brain Injury].
[Article in Chinese]
Jiang T, Huang LF, Zhou SJ, Cui JJ, Ye Q.
Abstract
OBJECTIVE:
To observe cerebral protective effect of muscone (nasal administration) on traumatic brain injury model rats.
METHODS:
SD rats were divided into the sham-operation group, the model group, and the treatment groups according to random digit table, 50 in each group. Traumatic brain injury model was established by controlled cortical strike. Rats in the sham-operation group received surgery and anesthesia procedures only, with no strike. Muscone (1.8 mg/kg) was delivered to rats in the treatment group using in situ nasal perfusion, 30 min each time, twice daily for 7 successive days. Water content of brain tissue was detected in each group before intervention (T1), at day 3 of intervention (T2), day 5 of intervention (T3), and after intervention (T4), respectively. Expression levels of brain derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and nerve growth factor (NGF) were detected using immunohistochemical analysis.
RESULTS:
Compared with the sham-operated group, water content of brain tissue increased (P < 0.05), and expression levels of NGF and BDNF decreased in the model group at T1, T2, T3, and T4 (P <0. 01). Compared with the model group, water content of brain tissue decreased (P < 0.05), and expression levels of NGF and BDNF increased (P < 0.01) in the treatment group at T1, T2, and T3.
CONCLUSION:
Nasal administration of muscone could reduce water content of brain tissue, alleviate cerebral edema, promote secretion of BDNF and NGF by olfactory ensheathing cells in traumatic brain injury rats.
All in all, Muscone seems like a worthwhile addition to a phero-blend, it's a powerful fixative and masks stinky steroids very well while transporting them. And it seems to be "good" for your brain as well
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